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Human cancers frequently arise from exposure to chemicals, although radiation, oxidation, and genetic factors play critical roles as well. DNA damage by these agents in a cell is an important first step in the process of carcinogenesis. DNA repair processes have evolved to repair these damages. However, the replication of damaged DNA may occur frequently prior to repair, resulting in gene mutations and the generation of altered proteins. Mutations in an oncogene, a tumor-suppressor gene, or a gene that controls the cell cycle give rise to a clonal cell population with an advantage in proliferation. The complex process of carcinogenesis includes many such events, but has been generally considered to be comprised of the three main stages known as initiation, promotion, and progression, which ultimately give rise to the induction of human cancer. The articles published in this book entitled "Chemically-Induced DNA Damage, Mutagenesis, and Cancer" provide an overview on the topic of the "consequence of DNA damage" in the context of human cancer with their challenges and highlights.

DNA damage. --- Damage, DNA --- Biochemical genetics --- Mutation (Biology)

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DNA damage --- DNA repair --- DNA-herstelling --- DNA-letsels --- Damage [DNA ] --- Deoxyribonucleic acid repair --- Lésions de l'ADN --- Repair [DNA ] --- Repair mechanisms in DNA --- Réparation de l'ADN --- Seksualiteit (Biologie) --- Sex (Biology) --- Sex (Physiology) --- Sex--Physiological aspects --- Sexualité (Biologie) --- Aging --- Molecular aspects --- Aging - Molecular aspects. --- DNA repair. --- DNA damage. --- Aging - Molecular aspects

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This detailed book compiles a series of laboratory protocols covering the most important aspects of R-loop biology. Beginning with a range of methods allowing for the detection of DNA-RNA hybrids, as well as their purification and visualization by electron microscopy, the volume continues with methods based on the use of RNase H-derived tools to detect DNA-RNA hybrids in vitro and in vivo. Several protocols permit studying non-canonical RNA nucleotides in the R-loop context, as well as a number of specific protocols devoted to the investigation of R-loop topology and their functional roles in the biology of mitochondria and telomeres. Finally, a large block of chapters is dedicated to different methods allowing genome-wide mapping of DNA-RNA hybrids in various organisms. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, R-Loops: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal resource for those working on R-loop homeostasis but also to scientists studying such areas of molecular and cell biology as genome integrity, DNA replication and repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription, RNA processing, modification and export, as well as for researchers elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cancer and genetic diseases.

Biology—Technique. --- Genomics. --- Biomaterials. --- Nucleic acids. --- DNA damage. --- DNA repair. --- DNA replication. --- Genomic Analysis. --- Nucleic Acid. --- DNA Damage and Repair. --- DNA Replication. --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genome research --- Genomes --- Molecular genetics --- Chromosomal DNA replication --- DNA --- Replication of DNA --- Deoxyribonucleic acid repair --- Repair, DNA --- Repair mechanisms in DNA --- Biochemical genetics --- Antimutagens --- Damage, DNA --- Mutation (Biology) --- Research --- Replication --- Synthesis

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Carcinogenesis --- -DNA-ligand interactions --- -Phosphorus --- -DNA damage --- -Biochemical markers --- -Biologic markers --- Biological markers --- Biomarkers --- Markers, Biochemical --- Biochemistry --- Indicators (Biology) --- Damage, DNA --- Biochemical genetics --- Mutation (Biology) --- Group 15 elements --- Nonmetals --- Binding, DNA-ligand --- DNA-ligand binding --- Interactions, DNA-ligand --- Ligand binding (Biochemistry) --- Cancer --- Oncogenesis --- Pathogenesis of cancer --- Tumorigenesis --- Pathology --- Genetic toxicology --- Research --- -Methodology --- -Congresses --- Congresses --- Isotopes --- Pathogenesis --- Biochemical markers --- DNA damage --- DNA-ligand interactions --- Phosphorus --- Research&delete& --- Methodology&delete& --- Isotopes&delete& --- Methodology --- DNA --- DNA DAMAGE --- SOCIETIES --- CARCINOGENS --- PHOSPHORUS RADIOISOTOPES --- ANALYSIS

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Oncology. Neoplasms --- Toxicology --- Clinical chemistry --- Carcinogens --- DNA Damage. --- DNA --- Environmental Monitoring --- Mutagenicity testing --- -Cancer --- -Health risk assessment --- -Cancers --- Carcinoma --- Malignancy (Cancer) --- Malignant tumors --- Tumors --- Assessment, Health risk --- Health hazard appraisal --- Health hazard assessment --- Health risk appraisal --- HRA (Public health) --- Human risk assessment --- Medicine, Preventive --- Public health --- Risk assessment --- Environmental health --- Mutagen testing --- Mutagenesis --- Mutagens --- Chronic toxicity testing --- Injury, DNA --- DNA Injury --- Genotoxic Stress --- Stress, Genotoxic --- DNA Damages --- DNA Injuries --- Damage, DNA --- Damages, DNA --- Genotoxic Stresses --- Injuries, DNA --- Stresses, Genotoxic --- Mutation --- Pyrimidine Dimers --- Comet Assay --- DNA Repair Enzymes --- analysis. --- metabolism. --- methods. --- Congresses --- Epidemiology --- -Congresses --- Prevention --- Testing --- Cancer --- Carcinogenicity testing --- Health risk assessment --- Congresses. --- -analysis. --- DNA Damage --- Cancers --- Epidemiology&delete& --- Prevention&delete& --- analysis --- metabolism --- methods